The main topic of discussion is the product Increment, which is the sum of all the Product Backlog items completed during a Sprint and the value of the increments of all previous Sprints1. The product Increment is demonstrated and inspected by the attendees, and feedback is collected to inform the next Sprint Planning12. The Sprint Review may also include other topics, such as the Product Backlog, the Product Goal, the market conditions, the budget, and the timeline, but the product Increment is the essential topic1234. The Scrum process, and how it was used during the Sprint, is not a topic for the Sprint Review, but rather for the Sprint Retrospective, which is a separate event where the Scrum Team inspects and adapts its way of working1. Coding and engineering practices are also not relevant for the Sprint Review, as they are internal aspects of the Development Team that do not affect the value of the product Increment1. Therefore, the correct answer is C. The product Increment.

The Product Owner must spend enough time with the Developers so that they are confident the Increment will meet the intended value. This is because:
* The Developers are accountable for creating a “Done” Increment in every Sprint. They must ensure that every Product Backlog item they work on meets the Definition of Done before it is considered complete.
* The Product Owner is accountable for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team. They must inspect the Increment at the end of each Sprint and assess how it delivers value and contributes to the Product Goal.
* The Product Owner and the Developers must collaborate closely throughout the Sprint to ensure that they have a shared understanding of what they are building and why. The Product Owner must provide clarifications, feedback, and guidance to the Developers as needed to help them create a valuable Increment.
* The amount of time that the Product Owner must spend with the Developers may vary depending on the context, complexity, and uncertainty of the product development. However, it should be enough so that both parties are confident that the Increment will meet the intended value.
Other options, such as 40%, as much time as the Developers tell them to be present, or 100%, are not valid answers as they imply a fixed or arbitrary amount of time that does not reflect the actual needs and dynamics of the product development.
References:
* [Scrum Guide], page 7, section “Developers”
* [Scrum Guide], page 6, section “Product Owner”
* [Scrum Guide], page 10, section “Definition of Done”
* [Scrum Guide], page 10, section “Increment”
* [Scrum Guide], page 10, section “Product Goal”

The Scrum Team should have all the skills needed to turn Product Backlog items into a valuable, useful Increment, as this is the primary goal of each Sprint. The Scrum Guide states that “The Scrum Team consists of one Scrum Master, one Product Owner, and Developers. Within a Scrum Team, there are no sub-teams or hierarchies. It is a cohesive unit of professionals focused on one objective at a time, the Product Goal.”1 The Scrum Team should be cross-functional, which means that the Developers have all the skills necessary to create a product Increment.1 The Scrum Team should also be self-managing, which means that they decide how best to accomplish their work, rather than being directed by others outside the Scrum Team.1 References:
* 1: The Scrum Guide2, page 6
* 2: The Scrum Guide

Explanation
The best way to minimize dependencies between the Scrum Teams is to work with the Developers on how to best analyze and break apart the work. This is because:
* The Developers are accountable for creating a “Done” Increment in every Sprint. They must ensure that every Product Backlog item they work on meets the Definition of Done before it is considered complete.
* The Developers are self-managing professionals who organize and manage their own work. They decide how to best accomplish their work, rather than being directed by others outside the Scrum Team.
* The Developers are cross-functional, meaning they have all the skills and competencies needed to accomplish the work without depending on others who are not part of the team.
* The Product Owner is accountable for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team. They are responsible for identifying and articulating the Product Goal, which is a long-term objective for the product that guides all the activities of the Scrum Team.
* The Product Owner is the sole person responsible for managing the Product Backlog, which is an emergent, ordered list of what is needed to improve the product. They must ensure that the Product Backlog is transparent, visible, and understood by everyone who needs to work on it.
* The Product Owner and the Developers must collaborate closely throughout the Sprint to ensure that they have a shared understanding of what they are building and why. The Product Owner must provide clarifications, feedback, and guidance to the Developers as needed to help them create a valuable Increment.
* When there are multiple teams working on one product, it is important to minimize dependencies between them to avoid delays, conflicts, or waste. Dependencies may arise due to technical, functional, or organizational factors that affect how the teams can deliver value independently and effectively.
* To minimize dependencies, the Product Owner should work with the Developers on how to best analyze and break apart the work into smaller and more manageable pieces that can be delivered by each team without relying on others. This may involve applying techniques such as feature slicing, component splitting, or domain-driven design. The Product Owner should also communicate and coordinate with other Product Owners and stakeholders to align expectations and priorities across teams.
Other options, such as creating an independent Product Backlog per Scrum Team, dividing Product Backlog items among six Product Owners, identifying the dependencies and re-ordering the Product Backlog for the other five Product Owners, or raising this as an impediment with the Scrum Master, are not valid answers as they do not reflect how to minimize dependencies between the Scrum Teams or how to apply the Scrum values and principles.
References:
* [Scrum Guide], page 7, section “Developers”
* [Scrum Guide], page 6, section “Product Owner”
* [Scrum Guide], page 10, section “Definition of Done”
* [Scrum Guide], page 10, section “Increment”
* [Scrum Guide], page 10, section “Product Goal”
* [Scrum Guide], page 11, section “Product Backlog”
* [Professional Scrum Product Owner™ Training], page 9, section “Business Strategy”
* [Professional Scrum Product Owner™ Training], page 8, section “Release Management”

Explanation
A Scrum Team is a cross-functional, self-managing team that has all the necessary competencies and skills to deliver a potentially releasable Increment of value at the end of each Sprint. The Scrum Team consists of one Scrum Master, one Product Owner, and Developers. The Scrum Team does not rely on external roles or hierarchies to complete their work. (Must be taken from Professional Scrum Product Owner™ (PSPO I) resources) References:
* Professional Scrum Product Owner™ I Certification
* Professional Scrum Product Owner™ Training

Explanation
If the Developers find out during the Sprint that they are not likely to build everything they forecast, the best response from the Product Owner is to re-work the selected Product Backlog items with the Developers to meet the Sprint Goal. This is because:
* The Sprint Goal is a short-term objective that provides guidance and focus to the Scrum Team throughout the Sprint. It is a flexible and negotiable commitment that can be adjusted as more is learned throughout the Sprint.
* The Developers are accountable for creating a “Done” Increment in every Sprint. They must ensure that every Product Backlog item they work on meets the Definition of Done before it is considered complete.
* The Product Owner is accountable for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team. They must inspect the Increment at the end of each Sprint and assess how it delivers value and contributes to the Product Goal.
* The Product Owner and the Developers must collaborate closely throughout the Sprint to ensure that they have a shared understanding of what they are building and why. The Product Owner must provide clarifications, feedback, and guidance to the Developers as needed to help them create a valuable Increment.
* If the Developers find out during the Sprint that they are not likely to build everything they forecast, it means that there is a gap between their initial plan and their actual progress. This may happen due to various reasons, such as new insights, changing requirements, technical challenges, or unforeseen circumstances.
* In this situation, the Product Owner should work with the Developers to re-work the selected Product Backlog items to meet the Sprint Goal. This may involve adding, removing, or modifying some items, as long as they still support the Sprint Goal and deliver value. The Product Owner should also communicate any changes or impacts to the stakeholders and customers as appropriate.
Other options, such as skipping Product Backlog refinement activities, informing management that more Developers are needed, changing the Sprint Goal, or canceling the Sprint, are not valid responses from the Product Owner as they do not reflect what should happen in Scrum or how to deal with uncertainty and complexity.
References:
* [Scrum Guide], page 15, section “Sprint Goal”
* [Scrum Guide], page 7, section “Developers”
* [Scrum Guide], page 6, section “Product Owner”
* [Scrum Guide], page 10, section “Definition of Done”
* [Scrum Guide], page 10, section “Increment”
* [Scrum Guide], page 10, section “Product Goal”

Explanation
* The Product Backlog is an ordered list of everything that is known to be needed in the product. It is the single source of truth for the Scrum Team and the stakeholders. It contains all the requirements, features, functions, enhancements, fixes, and anything else that can deliver value to the customers and users of the product.
* All types of requirements are acceptable on a Product Backlog, as long as they are aligned with the product vision and goals, and they are transparent, clear, and valuable. The Product Backlog can include stability requirements, performance requirements, product functionality, documentation, fixes, or any other aspects that contribute to the quality and usability of the product.
* The Product Owner is accountable for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team. The Product Owner is responsible for managing and refining the Product Backlog, collaborating with the stakeholders and the Developers, and ordering the items in a way that best achieves goals and missions. The Product Owner represents the interests of everyone with a stake in the product and ensures that the Scrum Team works on the right things at the right time.
* The Developers are accountable for creating a “Done” Increment that meets the Definition of Done each Sprint. The Developers are responsible for planning and executing the Sprint Backlog, designing and building the product functionality, testing and improving the product quality, and delivering a potentially releasable Increment. The Developers work closely with the Product Owner to understand and clarify the Product Backlog items, provide feedback and estimates, and suggest improvements and innovations.
References:
* Scrum Guide: https://www.scrumguides.org/scrum-guide.html
* Product Backlog: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-product-backlog

According to Scrum.org, when splitting a large group into multiple Scrum Teams, it can be beneficial to allow the people to self-organize into smaller teams12. This approach respects the principle of self-organization, which is a key aspect of Scrum12. It allows individuals to choose the team they feel they can contribute to most effectively12. However, it’s important to note that this process should be facilitated and guided to ensure a balanced distribution of skills and capabilities across the teams12.

It is true that the Sprint Backlog is a result of Sprint Planning, and it includes the Sprint Goal. This is because:
Sprint Planning is an event where the Scrum Team plans for the upcoming Sprint. The purpose of Sprint Planning is to align the entire Scrum Team around a common goal and a plan for delivering an Increment that meets that goal.
The Sprint Backlog is the set of Product Backlog items selected for the Sprint, plus a plan for delivering them as a “Done” Increment. The Sprint Backlog is owned by the Developers who use it to organize and manage their work during the Sprint.
The Sprint Goal is a short-term objective that provides guidance and focus to the Scrum Team throughout the Sprint. It is a flexible and negotiable commitment that can be adjusted as more is learned throughout the Sprint.
The Sprint Backlog is created by the collaborative work of the entire Scrum Team during Sprint Planning. The Product Owner proposes how the product could increase its value and utility in the current Sprint. The Developers discuss how they can deliver a “Done” Increment that meets this proposal. Together, they define a Sprint Goal that summarizes why the Sprint is valuable to stakeholders. Then, they select enough Product Backlog items from the top of the ordered Product Backlog to satisfy the Sprint Goal. Finally, they create a plan for how they will deliver those items as a “Done” Increment.
Reference:
[Scrum Guide], page 14, section “Sprint Planning”
[Scrum Guide], page 15, section “Sprint Backlog”
[Scrum Guide], page 15, section “Sprint Goal”

Explanation
* A product’s success is measured by the impact it has on the customers, the business, and the market.
Different products may have different success criteria and metrics, depending on their vision, goals, value proposition, and target audience. However, some of the common and important aspects that can indicate a product’s success are:
* The impact on customer satisfaction: Customer satisfaction is a measure of how well a product or service meets or exceeds the expectations and needs of the customers. It is an important indicator of the value and quality of a product or service, and it can affect the loyalty, retention, and profitability of the customers. Customer satisfaction can be measured by various methods, such as surveys, ratings, reviews, feedback, referrals, testimonials, or net promoter score (NPS).
* The impact on cost: Cost is a measure of how much money and resources are invested in developing, delivering, and maintaining a product or service. It is an important indicator of the efficiency and sustainability of a product or service, and it can affect the profitability and competitiveness of the business. Cost can be measured by various methods, such as budgeting, accounting, tracking, reporting, or return on investment (ROI).
* The impact on revenue: Revenue is a measure of how much money and value are generated by selling a product or service. It is an important indicator of the growth and viability of a product or
* service, and it can affect the market share and positioning of the business. Revenue can be measured by various methods, such as sales, subscriptions, conversions, retention, or lifetime value (LTV).
* The other options are not valid or relevant measures of a product’s success. They are either too subjective, narrow, or unrelated to the product’s value proposition and goals. They are:
* The impact on my boss’s mood: My boss’s mood is not a reliable or objective measure of a product’s success. It may depend on many factors that are not related to the product’s performance or value delivery. It may also vary from day to day or from person to person. My boss’s mood may influence my work satisfaction or motivation, but it does not reflect the product’s success.
* The delivery of upfront defined scope compared to the upfront planned time: This is a traditional project management measure that focuses on delivering a fixed set of requirements within a predetermined schedule. It does not account for the changing needs and expectations of the customers and the market. It also does not reflect the value or quality of the product or service delivered. It may lead to over-engineering, waste, or missed opportunities.
* The impact on my performance rating: My performance rating is not a direct or comprehensive measure of a product’s success. It may depend on many factors that are not related to the product’s value delivery or quality. It may also vary from organization to organization or from manager to manager. My performance rating may influence my career development or compensation, but it does not reflect the product’s success.
References:
* Product Success: https://www.productplan.com/glossary/product-success/
* Customer Satisfaction: https://www.agilealliance.org/glossary/customer-satisfaction/
* Cost: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cost.asp
* Revenue: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/revenue.asp

Explanation
A Product Owner should not measure product value by the increase in the team’s velocity. This is because:
* Velocity is a measure of how much work a Scrum Team can deliver in a Sprint. It is based on the estimation of Product Backlog items that are selected for a Sprint and completed according to the Definition of Done.
* Velocity is not a measure of product value. It does not reflect how well the product meets the needs and expectations of the customers, users, and stakeholders. It does not reflect how much value or impact the product creates in terms of revenue, satisfaction, or social good.
* Velocity is not a goal or a target for a Scrum Team. It is a planning tool that helps them forecast their future work based on their past performance. It is not a metric that should be used to compare or judge teams or individuals.
* A Product Owner should measure product value by using indicators that are relevant, meaningful, and actionable for their product context. These may include metrics such as customer feedback, usage data, market share, return on investment, or social impact.
References:
* [Scrum Guide], page 7, section “Developers”
* [Scrum Guide], page 10, section “Definition of Done”
* [Scrum Guide], page 15, section “Sprint Backlog”
* [Professional Scrum Product Owner Training], page 5, section “Product Value”
* [Professional Scrum Product Owner Training], page 9, section “Business Strategy”